Avaliação da eficiência dos diferentes métodos de ensino de ressuscitação cardiopulmonar para crianças e adolescentes: revisão integrativa / Evaluation of the efficiency of the different methods of teaching cardiopulmonary resuscitation to children and adolescents: integrative review

Objetivo: Avaliar a eficiência dos diferentes métodos de ensino de Suporte Básico de Vida (SBV) para estudantes leigos a partir dos 12 anos de idade. Métodos: Realizou-se busca por artigos nas plataformas MEDLINE/PubMed e Lilacs/BVS, entre dezembro de 2021 e janeiro de 2022, para responder à questão norteadora "Qual a efetividade dos diferentes métodos de ensino de ressuscitação cardiopulmonar para crianças e adolescentes?". Incluíram-se artigos publicados nos últimos cinco anos, nos idiomas inglês e português. Resultados: Sete artigos abordaram os métodos de ensino: aprendizagem autorregulada, treinamento dos professores seguido dos estudantes, educação em pares; ensino online associado ao autotreinamento prático, ensino à distância, treinamento digital somado à prática, e uso de aplicativo por meio de um tabletcom posterior avaliação. Em todos os estudos houve comparação da intervenção com o treinamento convencional. De forma geral, todos os métodos de ensino contribuíram para desenvolver a habilidade de agir em situações de trauma, mas as estratégias que envolviam a presença de instrutores nos treinamentos mostraram melhores resultados, a curto e longo prazo. Conclusão: O presente estudo verificou os achados na literatura a respeito da eficácia de diferentes métodos de ensino de SBV para crianças e adolescentes. Dentre todas as abordagens observou-se melhor desempenho nos métodos que contaram com a presença de instrutores, os quais ofertaram feedback aos alunos e diminuíram as distrações. Porém, o ensino digital, o autorregulado e o aos pares também se mostraram viáveis. Logo, a escolha do método deve se pautar na realidade do público-alvo

Objective: To evaluate the efficiency of different teaching methods of Basic Life Support for lay students from 12 years of age.Methods: A search was carried out for articles on the MEDLINE/PubMed and Lilacs/BVS platforms between December 2021 and January 2022 to answer the guiding question, "How effective are the different teaching methods of cardiopulmonary resuscitation for children and adolescents?".Articles published in English and Portuguese in the last five years were included.Results: Seven articles addressed teaching methods: self-regulated learning, training of teachers followed by students, peer education, online teaching associated with practical self-training, distance learning, digital training added to practice, and application use through a tablet with subsequent evaluation.In all studies, there was a comparison between intervention and conventional training.Generally, all teaching methods contributed to developing the ability to act in trauma situations, but strategies that involved the presence of instructors in training showed better short- and long-term results.Conclusion: this study verified the findings in the literature regarding the effectiveness of different BLS teaching methods for children and adolescents.Among all approaches, better performance was observed in methods that had the presence of instructors, who offered feedback to students and reduced distractions. However, digital, self-r egulated, and peer teaching also proved viable.Therefore, the choice of method should be based on the target audience's reality

Decisiones en reanimación y cuidados de fin de vida en neonatos. Aspectos bioéticos (parte II) / Decisions concerning resuscitation and end-of-life care in neonates. Bioethical aspects (Part II)

La manera de enfrentar la muerte de un recién nacido requiere formación y reflexiones sobre el proceso de toma de decisiones de fin de vida, la comunicación con la familia y los cuidados que se proveerán. El objetivo de este artículo es profundizar aspectos salientes de bioética neonatal aplicados a situaciones de fin de vida en recién nacidos. En la primera parte, se exponen nociones de futilidad terapéutica, criterios de adecuación de cuidados, derechos de pacientes y de su familia, y conceptos acerca del valor de la vida. En la segunda parte, se analizan las situaciones que ameritan la consideración de adecuación de cuidados y se profundizan aspectos de la comunicación y el complejo proceso de toma de decisiones de fin de vida en recién nacidos.

Coping with the death of a newborn infant requires training and reflection regarding the end-of-life decision-making process, communication with the family, and the care to be provided. The objective of this article is to analyze in depth the salient aspects of neonatal bioethics applied to end-of-life situations in newborn infants. Part I describes notions of therapeutic futility, redirection of care criteria, patient and family rights, and concepts about the value of life. Part II analyzes situations that deserve considering the redirection of care and delves into aspects of communication and the complex process of end-of-life decision-making in newborn infants.

Decisiones en reanimación y cuidados de fin de vida en neonatos. Aspectos bioéticos (parte I) / Decisions concerning resuscitation and end-of-life care in neonates. Bioethical aspects (Part I)

La manera de enfrentar la muerte de un recién nacido requiere formación y reflexiones sobre el proceso de toma de decisiones de fin de vida, la comunicación con la familia y los cuidados que se proveerán. El objetivo de este artículo es profundizar aspectos salientes de bioética neonatal aplicadas a situaciones de fin de vida en recién nacidos. En la primera parte, se exponen nociones de futilidad terapéutica, criterios de adecuación de cuidados, derechos de pacientes y de su familia, y conceptos acerca del valor de la vida. En la segunda parte, se analizan las situaciones que ameritan la consideración de adecuación de cuidados y se profundizan aspectos de la comunicación y el complejo proceso de toma de decisiones de fin de vida en recién nacidos.

Coping with the death of a newborn infant requires training and reflection regarding the end-of-life decision-making process, communication with the family, and the care to be provided. The objective of this article is to analyze in depth the salient aspects of neonatal bioethics applied to end-of-life situations in newborn infants. Part I describes notions of therapeutic futility, redirection of care criteria, patient and family rights, and concepts about the value of life. Part II analyzes situations that deserve considering the redirection of care and delves into aspects of communication and the complex process of end-of-life decision-making in newborn infants.

Research progress of hypertonic saline in early resuscitation of acute pancreatitis / 中华危重病急救医学

Local inflammatory reaction and microcirculation disturbance are the early manifestations of acute pancreatitis (AP). Studies have shown that early and reasonable fluid resuscitation of patients with AP can reduce related complications and prevent the deterioration to severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). Traditional isotonic crystalloid (such as Ringer solution) is considered to be a safe and reliable resuscitation solution, but too much and too fast infusion in the early stage of shock will increase the risk of complications such as tissue edema and abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS). Many scholars have found that hypertonic saline resuscitation solution has the advantages of reducing tissue and organ edema, rapidly restoring hemodynamics, inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammatory signal transduction, thereby improving the prognosis of AP patients and reducing the incidence of SAP and mortality. This article summarizes the mechanisms of hypertonic saline in the resuscitation treatment of AP patients in recent years, in order to provide reference for the clinical application and research of AP patients.

Establishment and application of the ten-fold rehydration formula for emergency resuscitation of pediatric patients after extensive burns / 中华烧伤杂志

Objective: To investigate the scientificity and feasibility of the ten-fold rehydration formula for emergency resuscitation of pediatric patients after extensive burns. Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted. The total burn area of 30%-100% total body surface area (TBSA) and body weight of 6-50 kg in 433 pediatric patients (250 males and 183 females, aged 3 months to 14 years) with extensive burns who met the inclusion criteria and admitted to the burn departments of 72 Class A tertiary hospitals were collected. The 6 319 pairs of simulated data were constructed after pairing each body weight of 6-50 kg (programmed in steps of 0.5 kg) and each total burn area of 30%-100% TBSA (programmed in steps of 1%TBSA). They were put into three accepted pediatric rehydration formulae, namely the commonly used domestic pediatric rehydration formula for burn patients (hereinafter referred to as the domestic rehydration formula), the Galveston formula, and the Cincinnati formula, and the two rehydration formulae for pediatric emergency, namely the simplified resuscitation formula for emergency care of patients with extensive burns proposed by the World Health Organization's Technical Working Group on Burns (TWGB, hereinafter referred to as the TWGB formula) and the pediatric ten-fold rehydration formula proposed by the author of this article--rehydration rate (mL/h)=body weight (kg) × 10 (mL·kg-1·h-1) to calculate the rehydration rate within 8 h post injury (hereinafter referred to as the rehydration rate). The range of the results of the 3 accepted pediatric rehydration formulae ±20% were regarded as the reasonable rehydration rate, and the accuracy rates of rehydration rate calculated using the two pediatric emergency rehydration formulae were compared. Using the maximum burn areas (55% and 85% TBSA) corresponding to the reasonable rehydration rate calculated by the pediatric ten-fold rehydration formula at the body weight of 6 and 50 kg respectively, the total burn area of 30% to 100% TBSA was divided into 3 segments and the accuracy rates of the rehydration rate calculated using the 2 pediatric emergency rehydration formulae in each segment were compared. When neither of the rehydration rates calculated by the 2 pediatric emergency rehydration formulae was reasonable, the differences between the two rehydration rates were compared. The distribution of 433 pediatric patients in the 3 previous total burn area segments was counted and the accuracy rates of the rehydration rate calculated using the 2 pediatric emergency rehydration formulae were calculated and compared. Data were statistically analyzed with McNemar test. Results: Substitution of 6 319 pairs of simulated data showed that the accuracy rates of the rehydration rates calculated by the pediatric ten-fold rehydration formula was 73.92% (4 671/6 319), which was significantly higher than 4.02% (254/6 319) of the TWGB formula (χ2=6 490.88,P<0.05). When the total burn area was 30%-55% and 56%-85% TBSA, the accuracy rates of the rehydration rates calculated by the pediatric ten-fold rehydration formula were 100% (2 314/2 314) and 88.28% (2 357/2 670), respectively, which were significantly higher than 10.98% (254/2 314) and 0 (0/2 670) of the TWGB formula (with χ2 values of 3 712.49 and 4 227.97, respectively, P<0.05); when the total burn area was 86%-100% TBSA, the accuracy rates of the rehydration rates calculated by the pediatric ten-fold rehydration formula and the TWGB formula were 0 (0/1 335). When the rehydration rates calculated by the 2 pediatric emergency rehydration formulae were unreasonable, the rehydration rates calculated by the pediatric ten-fold rehydration formula were all higher than those of the TWGB formula. There were 93.07% (403/433), 5.77% (25/433), and 1.15% (5/433) patients in the 433 pediatric patients had total burn area of 30%-55%, 56%-85%, and 86%-100% TBSA, respectively, and the accuracy rate of the rehydration rate calculated using the pediatric ten-fold rehydration formula was 97.69% (423/433), which was significantly higher than 0 (0/433) of the TWGB formula (χ2=826.90, P<0.05). Conclusions: The application of the pediatric ten-fold rehydration formula to estimate the rehydration rate of pediatric patients after extensive burns is more accurate and convenient, superior to the TWGB formula, suitable for application by front-line healthcare workers that are not specialized in burns in pre-admission rescue of pediatric patients with extensive burns, and is worthy of promotion.

The evolution of approach in the resuscitation of neonates born with meconium-stained amniotic fluid: a tale of two countries, China and U.S.A., in the past 60 years / 中国当代儿科杂志

Neonates born through meconium-stained amniotic fluid (MSAF) may develop complications including meconium aspiration syndrome, persistent pulmonary hypertension of newborn and death. The approach to the resuscitation of these neonates has significantly evolved for the past few decades. Initially, under direct visualization technique, neonates with MSAF were commonly suctioned below the vocal cords soon after delivery. Since 2015, Neonatal Resuscitation Program (NRP®) of the American Academy of Pediatrics has recommended against "routine" endotracheal suctioning of non-vigorous neonates with MSAF but favored immediate resuscitation with positive pressure ventilation via face-mask bagging. However, the China neonatal resuscitation 2021 guidelines continue to recommend routine endotracheal suctioning of non-vigorous neonates born with MSAF at birth. This review article discusses the differences and the rationales in the approach in the resuscitation of neonates with MSAF between Chinese and American NRP® guidelines over the past 60 years.

Facteurs pronostiques des complications obstétricales en réanimation au Centre hospitalier universitaire de Cocody / Prognostic factors of obstetrical complications in intensive care at the university hospital of Cocody

Contexte. En dépit des progrès médicaux, les complications obstétricales occasionnent de nombreuses admissions en réanimation et sont des sources de létalité importante. L'objectif de cette étude était d'analyser les causes et les caractéristiques des décès secondaires à une complication obstétricale en réanimation. Méthodes. Etude prospective, descriptive et analytique sur vingt-quatre mois incluant toutes patientes admises en réanimation pour une complication obstétricale. Les paramètres épidémiologiques, cliniques et thérapeutiques ont été recueillis. Les comparaisons statistiques étaient basées sur le test de Fischer (p<0,05). Résultats. Nous avons colligés 153 dossiers sur 653 soit 23,543%. L'âge moyen était de 27,26 ± 7,43 ans. Le transport était non médicalisé dans 95,42% des cas. Les patientes provenaient du bloc opératoire pour 62,02% d'entre elles. Pour 81,70% d'entre elles, il n'y avait aucun antécédent et 56,21% étaient à moins de 37 SA. Le trouble de la conscience était le principal motif d'admission. La pathologie hypertensive et ses complications étaient le diagnostic le plus observé. Celles qui ont pu être transfusées représentaient 13/21 patientes soit 61,90%. L'intubation orotrachéale a concerné 9,15% des patientes. La létalité était de 39,87%. Cette dernière était observée surtout pendant la garde et avait lieu au bout de 48H. La tranche d'âge [31-45 ans], le long délai d'admission (≥ 2 jours), l'instabilité hémodynamique à l'admission, l'existence de complications, la garde sont des facteurs de mauvais pronostics (P<0,05). Conclusion. La mortalité maternelle demeure élevée. L'identifi cation des facteurs de mauvais pronostic devrait améliorer la prise en charge des patientes.

Characteristics and outcomes of pediatric and adult non-traumatic out-of-hospital cardiac arrest during the COVID-19 pandemic: Descriptive study

Background@#Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, health care for patients who experienced out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) has been suboptimal.@*Objective@#To describe the demographic, clinical, and logistical characteristics of patients who experienced OHCA during the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic. @*Design@#Descriptive study. @*Participants@#136 males and 58 females, aged 8 days to 89 years old, who experienced OHCA and were subsequently sent to the emergency department of Southern Philippines Medical Center (SPMC). @*Setting@#Southern Philippines Medical Center, Davao City, March 15 to December 31, 2020. @*Main outcome measures@#Demographic, clinical, and logistical characteristics of patients. @*Main results@#Of the 194 patients, 149 (76.80%) experienced OHCA at home. Among them, 42 (21.65%) received initial CPR at the scene, with 36 (85.71%) of these procedures performed by ambulance crews. Only one (0.52%) patient received automated extracorporeal defibrillation performed by a bystander. There were 147 (75.77%) patients who were transported by private vehicles. The average times for dispatch, response and turnaround of the emergency medical services (EMS) were 8 minutes, 19 minutes, and 56 minutes, respectively. Of the 194 patients, 176 (90.72%) were transported without ongoing resuscitation. Upon arrival at the emergency department, 184 (94.84%) patients had unknown arrest rhythm. Only one (0.52%) patient had a return of spontaneous circulation and was admitted to the ICU. All the other patients expired within 10 to 15 minutes upon arriving at the emergency department.@*Conclusion@#In this study, most OHCAs happened at home, with few receiving CPR at the scene, primarily from ambulance crews. The average EMS response time was 19 minutes. Most patients were transported from the scene without ongoing resuscitation, and had an unknown arrest rhythm upon arrival at the emergency department. All patients expired shortly after arriving at the emergency department.

Reanimación neonatal en sala de partos en Villa Clara / Neonatal resuscitation in the delivery room in Villa Clara province

Introducción: La pérdida de bienestar fetal perinatal es la situación que con mayor frecuencia condiciona la necesidad de reanimación cardiopulmonar del recién nacido en el momento del parto. Objetivo: Describir las características clínicas y epidemiológicas de los neonatos reanimados en la sala de partos. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación de desarrollo, descriptivo, observacional, retrospectivo, en el Hospital Provincial Universitario Ginecoobstétrico Mariana Grajales de Santa Clara desde enero de 2017 a diciembre de 2021. La muestra coincidió con el universo y estuvo compuesta por 106 neonatos que obtuvieron una puntuación de Apgar bajo (inferior a siete), evaluado al primer minuto después del nacimiento que requirieron alguna maniobra de reanimación neonatal en la sala de partos. Se empleó cálculo de frecuencias absoluta y relativa, además de contraste de proporciones mediante Chi-Cuadrado para las variables cualitativas como resultado de esta prueba. Resultados: Fueron más frecuentes los recién nacidos con peso normal (75,5 por ciento), al término de la gestación (65,1 por ciento) y del sexo masculino (61,3 por ciento). La cesárea como vía final del parto (51,9 por ciento) y la presencia de líquido amniótico meconial; fueron variables con mayor porcentaje dentro de las variables perinatales seleccionadas. El 8,5 por ciento de los neonatos reanimados fallecieron. Conclusiones: Las variables clínicas y epidemiológicas más frecuentes en el estudio coincidieron con la literatura consultada. La mayoría de los neonatos reanimados sobrevivieron(AU)

Introduction: Perinatal loss of fetal well-being is the situation that most frequently creates the need for newborn cardiopulmonary resuscitation at delivery. Objective: To describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of neonates resuscitated in the delivery room. Methods: A developmental, descriptive, observational, retrospective and descriptive research was carried out at Mariana Grajales Gynecobstetric University Provincial Hospital, of Santa Clara (Villa Clara Province, Cuba), from January 2017 to December 2021. The sample coincided with the universe and was made up of 106 neonates with low Apgar score (lower than seven), evaluated at the first minute after birth, who required some neonatal resuscitation maneuver in the delivery room. Calculation of absolute and relative frequencies was used, as well as contrast of proportions by chi-square for qualitative variables resulting from this test. Results: Newborns with normal weight (75.5 percent), at term (65.1 percent) and male (61.3 percent) were more frequent. Cesarean section as the final route of delivery (51.9 percent) and the presence of meconium amniotic fluid were the variables with the highest percentage from among the selected perinatal variables. 8.5 percent of the resuscitated neonates died. Conclusions: The most frequent clinical and epidemiological variables in the study coincided with the consulted literature. Most of the resuscitated neonates survived(AU)

Sangre total leucorreducida y filtro ahorrador de plaquetas preserva su función hemostática por 21 días: ¿La resucitación hemostática podría ser una realidad en Colombia? / Leukoreduced whole blood and platelet-sparing filter preserves its hemostatic function for 21 days: Could hemostatic resuscitation become a reality in Colombia?

Introducción. La resucitación hemostática es una estrategia para compensar la pérdida sanguínea y disminuir el impacto de la coagulación inducida por trauma. Debido a que la disponibilidad de transfundir una razón equilibrada de hemocomponentes es difícil de lograr en el entorno clínico, la sangre total ha reaparecido como una estrategia fisiológica, con ventajas logísticas, que le permiten ser accesible para iniciar tempranamente la resucitación hemostática. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las propiedades celulares, coagulantes y viscoelásticas de la sangre total almacenada por 21 días. Métodos. Las unidades de sangre total fueron obtenidas de 20 donantes voluntarios sanos. Se procesaron mediante un sistema de leucorreducción ahorrador de plaquetas y fueron almacenadas en refrigeración (1-6°C) sin agitación. Se analizaron los días 0, 6, 11 y 21. Las bolsas fueron analizadas para evaluar las líneas celulares, niveles de factores de coagulación y propiedades viscoelásticas mediante tromboelastografía. Resultados. El conteo eritrocitario y la hemoglobina se mantuvieron estables. El conteo de plaquetas tuvo una reducción del 50 % al sexto día, pero se mantuvo estable el resto del seguimiento. Los factores de coagulación II-V-VII-X, fibrinógeno y proteína C se mantuvieron dentro del rango normal. La tromboelastografía mostró una prolongación en el tiempo del inicio de la formación del coágulo, pero sin alterar la formación final de un coágulo estable. Conclusiones. La sangre total leucorreducida y con filtro ahorrador de plaquetas conserva sus propiedades hemostáticas por 21 días. Este es el primer paso en Colombia para la evaluación clínica de esta opción, que permita hacer una realidad universal la resucitación hemostática del paciente con trauma severo.

Background. Hemostatic resuscitation is a strategy to compensate blood loss and reduce the impact of trauma-induced coagulopathy. However, balanced resuscitation presents challenges in its application in the clinical setting. Whole blood has re-emerged as a physiologic strategy with logistical advantages that offer the opportunity for early initiation of hemostatic resuscitation. The study aims to evaluate the cellular, coagulation, and viscoelastic properties of whole blood preserved for 21 days. Methods. Whole blood units were donated by 20 healthy volunteers. These units were processed using a platelet-sparing leukoreduction filtration system. Units were stored under refrigeration (1-6°C) without agitation and were sampled on days 0, 6, 11, 16, and 21. The units were tested to assess its cellular properties and coagulation factors levels. In addition, viscoelastic features were tested using tromboelastography.Results. Red blood cells count and hemoglobin levels remained stables. Platelet count had a 50% reduction on day 6, and then remained stable for 21 days. Factors II-V-VII-X, fibrinogen, and protein C remained within normal range. Tromboelastrography test showed that the reaction time of clot formation is prolonged, but the final clot formation is not altered. Conclusion. Whole blood retains its hemostatic properties for 21 days. This is the first step to evaluate the use of whole blood in the resuscitation protocols for Colombia allowing hemostatic resuscitation become a universal reality.

Vécu psychosocial des soignants en réanimation face à la pandémie à COVID-19 au centre hospitalier universitaire de Cocody (Abidjan - cote d'ivoire) / psychosocial experiences of caregivers in intensive care in the face of the pandemic at Covid-19 at Cocody University Hospital (Abidjan - Côte d'Ivoire)

L'objectif de notre travail était d'étudier le vécu psychosocial des soignants en réanimation face à la pandémie à Covid-19. Patients et méthode : il s'agissait d'une étude descriptive transversale par questionnaire incluant les soignants du service de réanimation du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Cocody du 1er juin au 31 juillet 2020. Résultats : quarante-cinq soignants étaient concernés avec un sex-ratio de 0,87. L'âge moyen était de 40,8±8,6 ans (27-62). Les célibataires étaient de 53% avec au moins un enfant à charge (67%). On notait 26,7% de médecins, 13,3% d'internes, 26,7% d'Infirmier Diplômé d'Etat et 33,3% d'aides-soignantes. La disponibilité des Equipement de Protection Individuelle étaient de 47%. Les travailleurs se sentaient fortement exposés (26,7%). Les situations de travail stressant étaient surtout les soins sur les patients suspects (51,2%). Les difficultés respiratoires(91%) et le manque de concentration (76%) étaient retrouvés chez les soignants stressés. Le soutien social venait surtout des familles (46,7%). Les scores de la latitude décisionnelle et de la demande psychologique étaient plutôt bas, respectivement 53% et 60%. Leur lien relationnel montrait une situation de travail génératrice de stress (22,5 %). Conclusion: Le soutien psychologique et l'approvisionnement en ressources matérielles seraient fondamentaux pour l'amélioration de la qualité de vie professionnelle des soignants

The objective of our study was to investigate the psychosocial experience of intensive care workers in the face of the Covid-19 pandemic. Patients and method: this was a descriptive cross-sectional study by questionnaire including the caretakers of the intensive care unit of the Cocody University Hospital. Results: Forty-five caregivers were involved with a sex ratio of 0.87. The mean age was 40.8±8.6 years (27-62). Single people were 53% with at least one dependent child (67%). There were 26.7% physicians, 13.3 % interns, 26.7% state-registered nurse and 33.3 % caregivers. The availability of individual protection equipment was 47 %. Workers felt highly exposed (26.7 %). Stressful work situations were mainly caring for suspicious patients (51.2%). Breathing difficulties (91%) and lack of concentration (76%) were found in stressed caregivers. Social support came mainly from families (46.7%). The scores for decision-making latitude and psychological demand were rather low, 53% and 60% respectively. Their relational relationship showed a stress-generating work situation (22.5%). Conclusion: Psychological support and the provision of material resources would be fundamental to improving the quality of work life for caregivers

Inspiration from the research advances in microcirculatory dysfunction to the treatment of burn shock and burn septic shock / 中华烧伤杂志

Microcirculatory dysfunction is an important pathophysiological change of shock. In the last decade, many researches on the mechanism of microcirculatory dysfunction have been involved in areas such as the glycocalyx damage of vascular endothelial cells, macrocirculation- microcirculation discoupling, vascular hyporeactivity, and microcirculation monitoring. Accordingly, this paper discussed how these research findings can be applied to burn patients, with the aim of alerting the clinicians to improving microcirculation, and maintaining hemodynamic coordination during the treatment of burn shock and burn septic shock. In addition, with the development of accurate and reliable microcirculation monitoring techniques, it is necessary to carry out multi-center clinical trials to reveal the clinical significance of target-oriented shock resuscitation protocol combining macrocirculatory and microcirculatory parameters.

Establishment and application of the tenfold rehydration formula for emergency resuscitation of adult patients after extensive burns / 中华烧伤杂志

Objective: To explore the scientificity and feasibility of the tenfold rehydration formula for emergency resuscitation of adult patients after extensive burns. Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted. The total burn area (30%-100% total body surface area (TBSA)) and body weight (45-135 kg) of 170 adult patients (135 males and 35 females, aged (42±14) years) with extensive burns admitted to the Fourth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital from December 2016 to December 2019 were collected. The 6 461 pairs of simulated data obtained after pairing each body weight in 45 to 135 kg (programmed in steps of 1 kg) with each area in 30% to 100% TBSA (programmed in steps of 1%TBSA) were plugged into four recognized rehydration formulas--Parkland's formula, Brooke's formula, the 304th PLA Hospital formula, and the Third Military Medical University formula and two emergency rehydration formulas--the simplified first aid resuscitation plan for extensive burn patients proposed by the World Health Organization's Technical Working Group on Burns (TWGB, hereinafter referred to as the TWGB formula) and the tenfold rehydration formula proposed by the author of this article to calculate the rehydration rate within 8 hours after injury (hereinafter referred to as the rehydration rate), with results being displayed by a programming step of 10%TBSA for the total burn area. Taking the calculation results of four recognized rehydration formulas as the reasonable rehydration rate, the accuracy of rehydration rates calculated by two emergency rehydration formulas were calculated and compared. The body weight of 45-135 kg was divided into three segments by the results of maximum body weight at a reasonable rehydration rate calculated by the tenfold rehydration formula when the total burn area was 30% and 100% TBSA, respectively. The accuracy of rehydration rate calculated by two emergency rehydration formulas in each body weight segment was compared. When the rehydration rates calculated by two emergency rehydration formulas were unreasonable, the differences in rehydration rates between the two were compared. Statistical distribution of the aforementioned three body weight segments in the aforementioned 170 patients was counted. Using the total burn area and body weight data of the aforementioned 170 patients, the accuracy of rehydration rate calculated by two emergency rehydration formulas was calculated and compared as before. Data were statistically analyzed with McNemar test. Results: When the total burn area was 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, and 100% TBSA, respectively, and the body weight was 45-135 kg, the rehydration rates calculated by two emergency rehydration formulas did not exceed the maximum of the calculated results of four recognized rehydration formulas; the rehydration rate calculated by the TWGB formula did not change accordingly with total burn area, while the rehydration rate calculated by the tenfold rehydration formula did not change accordingly with body weight. Substituting 6 461 pairs of simulated data showed that the accuracy of rehydration rate calculated by the tenfold rehydration formula was 43.09% (2 784/6 461), which was significantly higher than 2.07% (134/6 461) of the TWGB formula, χ2=2 404.80, P<0.01. When the body weights were 45-62 kg and 63-93 kg, the accuracy rates of rehydration rate calculated by the tenfold rehydration formula were 100% (1 278/1 278) and 68.42% (1 506/2 201), respectively, which were significantly higher than 0 (0/1 278) and 0.05% (1/2 201) of the TWGB formula, χ2=1 276.00, 1 501.01, P<0.01; when the body weight was 94-135 kg, the accuracy rate of rehydration rate calculated by the tenfold rehydration formula was 0 (0/2 982), which was significantly lower than 4.46% (133/2 982) of the TWGB formula, χ2=131.01, P<0.01. When the rehydration rates calculated by two emergency rehydration formulas were both unreasonable, the rehydration rate calculated by the tenfold rehydration formula was greater than that calculated by the TWGB formula in most cases, accounting for 79.3% (2 808/3 543). Among the 170 patients, the proportions of those weighing 45-62, 63-93, and 94-135 kg were 25.29% (43/170), 65.88% (112/170), and 8.82% (15/170), respectively. Among the 170 patients, the accuracy rate of rehydration rate calculated by the tenfold rehydration formula was 69.41% (118/170), which was significantly higher than 3.53% (6/170) of the TWGB formula, χ2=99.36, P<0.01. Conclusions: Applying the tenfold rehydration formula to calculate the emergency rehydration rate in adults after extensive burns is simpler than four recognized rehydration formulas, and is superior to the TWGB formula. The tenfold rehydration formula is suitable for the front-line medical staffs that are not specialized in burns in pre-admission rescue of adult patients with extensive burns, which is worth popularizing.

Controlling excessive fluid resuscitation in massive burn patients to prevent complications / 中华烧伤杂志

Excessive fluid resuscitation in massive burn patients is a common phenomenon in burn management, and the reasons are mostly related with administering resuscitation of crystalloid alone and pursuing a goal-directed resuscitation with targeting normal hemodynamic parameters in the first 24 h post burn. Tissue edema caused by excessive fluid resuscitation is a vital factor that induces complications including respiratory compromise, abdominal compartment syndrome, and so on. Therefore, in order to control excessive fluid resuscitation and prevent its subsequent complications in massive burn patients, it is necessary to determine the optimal resuscitation regime, set appropriate resuscitation endpoints, and implement precise management of fluid resuscitation.

Effects of continuous goal-directed analgesia on fluid resuscitation of massive burn patients during shock / 中华烧伤杂志

Objective: To investigate the effects of continuous goal-directed analgesia on fluid resuscitation during shock stage in patients with massive burns, providing a basis for rational optimization of analgesia protocols in patients with burn shock. Methods: A retrospective case series study was conducted. One hundred and thirty-six patients with massive burns who met the inclusion criteria were admitted to Zhengzhou First People's Hospital from January 2015 to December 2020, and the patients were divided into continuous analgesia (CA) group (68 cases,with average age of 44 years old) and intermittent analgesia (IA) group (68 cases,with average age of 45 years old) according to whether sufentanil injection was continuously used for intravenous analgesia during the shock stage. The patients in the 2 groups were predominantly male. Before and at 72 h of treatment, the severity of disease and trauma pain of patients in the 2 groups were scored by the acute physiology and chronic health evaluation Ⅱ (APACHE Ⅱ) and the visual analogue scale (VAS). Hematocrit, heart rate, mean arterial pressure (MAP), central venous pressure (CVP), oxygen saturation in central venous blood (ScvO2), rehydration coefficient, blood lactate value, hourly urine output, and the adverse reactions such as hypotension, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, skeletal muscle tonicity, respiratory depression, bradycardia, pruritus, and drug addiction of patients in the 2 groups during the treatment were recorded at the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd 24 h post-injury. Data were statistically analyzed with analysis of variance for repeated measurement, paired or independent sample t test, Bonferroni correction,chi-square test and Mann-Whitney U test. Results: Before treatment, APACHE Ⅱ and VAS scores of patients in the 2 groups were close (with t values of -0.67 and 0.32, respectively, P>0.05); At 72 h of treatment, APACHE Ⅱ and VAS scores of patients in CA group were 8.5±2.2 and 2.5±1.6, both of which were significantly lower than (15.2±3.0) and (7.9±2.0) of patients in IA group, respectively (with t values of -14.94 and -17.46, respectively, P<0.01). Compared with the pre-treatment period, the APACHE Ⅱ and VAS scores of patients in IA group decreased significantly at 72 h of treatment (with t values of 11.35 and 30.59, respectively, P<0.01); the changes in APACHE Ⅱ and VAS scores of patients at 72 h of treatment in comparison with those of patients before treatment in CA group were all similar to those of patients in IA group (with t values of 4.00 and 4.82, respectively, P<0.01). Compared with those of patients in IA group, there were no significant changes in CVP, hematocrit, heart rate, ScvO2, and MAP of patients in CA group at all three 24 h post-injury (with t values of <0.01, 0.12, 2.10, 1.55, 0.03; 0.13, 0.22, <0.01, 0.17, 0.49; 0.63, 0.06, 0.04, 2.79, and 2.33, respectively, P>0.05). Compared with those of patients in IA group at the 1st 24 h post-injury, CVP, ScvO2 and MAP of patients were significantly higher at the 2nd and 3rd 24 h post-injury (with t values of -10.10, -9.31, -8.89; -10.81, -4.65, and -9.43, respectively, P<0.01), and the heart rate of patients was significantly lower at the 2nd and 3rd 24 h post-injury (with t values of 7.53 and 7.78, respectively, P<0.01), and the hematocrit of patients decreased significantly only at the 3rd 24 h post-injury (t=15.55, P<0.01); the changes of CVP, ScvO2, MAP and heart rate of patients at the 2nd and the 3rd 24 h post-injury, and HCT of patients at the 3rd 24 h post-injury, in comparison with those of patients at the 1st 24 h post-injury in CA group were similar to those of patients in IA group (with t values of -12.25, -10.24, -8.99, 9.42, -8.83, -7.53, -11.57, 10.44, and 12.91, respectively, P<0.01). Compared with those of patients in IA group, the rehydration coefficient of patients in CA group was significantly higher only at the 3rd 24 h post-injury (t=5.60, P<0.05), blood lactate value of patients in CA group was significantly lower at the 1st and 2nd 24 h post-injury (with t values of 4.32 and 14.52, respectively, P<0.05 or P<0.01), the hourly urine output of patients in CA group increased significantly at the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd 24 h post-injury (with t values of 24.65, 13.12, and 5.63, respectively, P<0.05 or P<0.01). Compared with the those of patients at the 1st 24 h post-injury, the rehydration coefficient of patients in IA group decreased significantly at the 2nd and the 3rd 24 h post-injury (with t values of 33.98 and 36.91, respectively, P<0.01), the blood lactate values of patients in IA group decreased significantly at the 2nd and the 3rd 24 h post-injury (with t values of 8.20 and 11.68, respectively, P<0.01), and the hourly urine output of patients in IA group was significantly increased at the 2nd and the 3rd 24 h post-injury (with t values of -3.52 and -5.92, respectively, P<0.01); the changes of rehydration coefficients and blood lactate values of patients at the 2nd and the 3rd 24 h post-injury in comparison with those of patients at the 1st 24 h post-injury in CA group were similar to those of patients in IA group (with t values of 35.64, 33.64, 9.86, and 12.56, respectively, P<0.01), but hourly urine output of patients in CA group increased significantly only at the 3rd 24 h compared with that of patients at the 1st 24 h post-injury (t=-3.07, P<0.01). Adverse reactions such as hypotension, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, bradycardia, and pruritus occurred rarely in patients of the 2 groups, and none of the patients had skeletal muscle tonicity, respiratory depression, or drug addiction. The incidence of adverse reactions of patients in CA group was similar to that in IA group (χ2=0.08, P>0.05). Conclusions: Continuous goal-directed analgesia can effectively relieve pain and improve vital signs of patients with large burns. Meanwhile it has little impact on volume load, which can assist in correcting ischemia and hypoxia during the shock period and help patients get through the shock period smoothly.

Resuscitation fluids as drugs: targeting the endothelial glycocalyx / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

Fluid resuscitation is an essential intervention in critically ill patients, and its ultimate goal is to restore tissue perfusion. Critical illnesses are often accompanied by glycocalyx degradation caused by inflammatory reactions, hypoperfusion, shock, and so forth, leading to disturbed microcirculatory perfusion and organ dysfunction. Therefore, maintaining or even restoring the glycocalyx integrity may be of high priority in the therapeutic strategy. Like drugs, however, different resuscitation fluids may have beneficial or harmful effects on the integrity of the glycocalyx. The purpose of this article is to review the effects of different resuscitation fluids on the glycocalyx. Many animal studies have shown that normal saline might be associated with glycocalyx degradation, but clinical studies have not confirmed this finding. Hydroxyethyl starch (HES), rather than other synthetic colloids, may restore the glycocalyx. However, the use of HES also leads to serious adverse events such as acute kidney injury and bleeding tendencies. Some studies have suggested that albumin may restore the glycocalyx, whereas others have suggested that balanced crystalloids might aggravate glycocalyx degradation. Notably, most studies did not correct the effects of the infusion rate or fluid volume; therefore, the results of using balanced crystalloids remain unclear. Moreover, mainly animal studies have suggested that plasma may protect and restore glycocalyx integrity, and this still requires confirmation by high-quality clinical studies.

Desempenho de corrida e natação de guarda-vidas civis após uma temporada de verão / Running and swimming performance of civilian lifeguards after a summer season

O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar o desempenho de corrida e natação de guarda-vidas civis após uma temporada de verão em Florianópolis ­ SC. Quatorze guarda-vidas civis (idade: 23.4 ± 5.0 anos; massa corporal: 74.6 ± 8.9 kg; estatura: 176 ± 0.1 cm) realizaram testes de 500m de natação e 1600m de corrida antes e após uma temporada de verão de 5 meses. Não foi realizada nenhuma intervenção na rotina dos guarda -vidas durante esse período. A comparação no desempenho pré e pós temporada foi realizada pelo teste t de Student para dados pareados (bicaudal), enquanto as correlações entre as variáveis foram verificadas pelo coeficiente de correlação de Pearson, com nível de significância de 5% (p < 0.05). Houve piora nos tempos dos testes de 500m de natação (Pré: 501.4 ± 77.9; Pós: 523.1 ± 84.6 s; p < 0.01) e 1600m de corrida (Pré: 371.6 ± 42.3 s; Pós: 393.9 ± 42.7 s; p < 0.01), sem associação entre o tempo de desempenho pré-temporada no teste de natação (r = 0.441, p = 0.115) ou corrida (r = -0.179, p = 0.541) com as magnitudes de piora. Concluiu-se que houve uma piora no desempenho de corrida e natação ao término da temporada de verão nos guarda-vidas civis, o que pode levar a uma perda no rendimento nas atividades que são submetidos rotineiramente. Dessa forma, tornam-se importantes estratégias, como o treinamento sistematizado, para minimizar essa queda no rendimento dos guarda-vidas civis, evitando o risco a si mesmo e a potenciais vítimas.(AU)

: The aim of this study was verify the performance of the running and swimming of civilian lifeguards after a summer season in Florianópolis - SC. Fourteen civilian lifeguards (age: 23.4 ± 5.0 years; body mass: 74.6 ± 8.9 kg; height: 176 ± 0.1 cm) performed tests of 500m swimming and 1600m running before and after a summer season of 5 months. There was no intervention in the routine of the lifeguards during this period. Statistical analysis consisted of a paired t-test (two-tailed) for the pre and post-season comparison, with the correlations between the variables being verified by Pearson's correlation coefficient, with level of significance of 5% (p < 0.05) for all tests. There was an impairment in the 500m swimming test (Pre: 501.4 ± 77.9; Post: 523.1 ± 84.6 s; p <0.01) and 1600m running test (Pre: 371.6 ± 42.3 s; Post: 393.9 ± 42.7 s; p <0.01), without association between the pre-season performance time and the swimming (r = 0.441, p = 0.115) or running (r= -0.179, p = 0.541) impairment magnitudes. It was concluded that running and swimming performance are impaired at the end of the summer season on civilian lifeguards, which could cause a loss of performance in routine activities. Thus, become important strategies, such as systematic training, to minimize this fall in the performance of civilian lifeguards, avoiding the risk to themselves and potential victims. (AU)

Paro cardiorrespiratorio en la embarazada y cesárea perimortem / Maternal cardiac arrest and perimortem cesarean delivery

Resumen El paro cardiorrespiratorio (PCR) en la mujer embarazada es una situación infrecuente, grave y de manejo multidisciplinario. La reanimación cardiopulmonar requiere consideraciones y particularidades propias de la embarazada, centradas en la fisiología y la anatomía, teniendo especial consideración la compresión aortocava, la intubación-ventilación difícil, la presencia de estómago lleno y el hecho que hay dos vidas involucradas. Las principales causas de PCR son las hemorrágicas, seguidas de las embólicas, cardiovasculares, anestésicas e infecciosas. Las principales acciones incluyen activación del código azul obstétrico con respuesta rápida para una eventual realización de histerotomía de emergencia oportuna en el mismo sitio evitando el traslado al quirófano, compresiones torácicas de buena calidad, desviación manual uterina a la izquierda, intubación endotraqueal y manejo avanzado de la vía aérea, todo esto con el fin de mejorar la sobrevida materno-fetal. La cesárea perimortem es un pilar en el manejo, favoreciendo el desenlace materno y eventualmente el fetal. Se debe realizar a los 4 minutos de una reanimación cardiopulmonar no exitosa. Sin embargo, aún hay retardo a la hora de indicarla, por lo que se debe incentivar el entrenamiento, la simulación en resucitación cardiopulmonar materna y las guías clínicas para todo el personal involucrado en la atención de pacientes obstétricas.

Abstract Cardiopulmonary arrest is a rare event during pregnancy and labor. It involves many subspecialties and allied health providers. Besides it requires knowledge of maternal physiology as it relates to resuscitation, particularly aortocaval compression, difficult airway, full stomach and the fact that there are two lives involved. The most frequent causes of cardiac arrest during pregnancy include bleeding, followed by embolism, infection, anesthesia complications and heart failure. The main steps required are: obstetric code activation with appropriate response for performing timely emergent hysterotomy in the same place avoiding the transfer to operating room; good-quality chest compressions; manual uterine displacement to the left, advanced pharmacological and airway management; and optimal care after resuscitation to improve maternal and fetal outcomes. Although current recommendations for maternal resuscitation include the performance of perimortem cesarean section after four minutes of unsuccessful cardiopulmonary resuscitation, deficits in knowledge about this procedure are common. Therefore, training and available evidence-based guidelines should be put in place for all obstetric caregivers.

Implementación de balón de resucitación aórtico endovascular (REBOA) para el control de hemorragia no compresible de torso / Implementation of the resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) for the control of non-compressible torso hemorrhage

Resumen Introducción: La hemorragia no compresible de torso, actualmente tiene una alta morbimortalidad aún en los centros de referencia más especializados. El REBOA es una herramienta emergente que se utiliza como control hemostático precoz en este tipo de pacientes. Caso Clínico: Presentamos el caso de una paciente femenina de 25 años que sufre un trauma pélvico grave tras caer de altura. Ingresa hemodinámicamente inestable por lo cual se activa protocolo de transfusión masiva y realiza acceso arterial femoral común derecho. Al presentar una respuesta transitoria a la reanimación, se instala balón de REBOA en zona 3, logrando aumentar presión sistólica hasta 130 mmHg, trasladando posteriormente a quirófano. Se realiza packing pélvico preperitoneal y fijación externa, desinflando el balón después de 29 min en zona 3. La paciente sale a unidad de cuidados intensivos sin drogas vasoactivas, para completar cirugía a las 48 h y fijación definitiva 6 días después. La paciente evoluciona en buenas condiciones generales.

Introduction: Non-compressible torso hemorrhage currently has a high morbidity and mortality even in the most specialized referral centers. REBOA is an emerging tool that is used as early hemostatic control in this type of patient. Clinical Case: We present the case of a 25-year-old female patient who suffers severe pelvic trauma after falling from a height. He was admitted hemodynamically unstable, for which a massive transfusion protocol was activated and a right common femoral arterial access was performed. After presenting a transient response to resuscitation, a REBOA balloon was installed in zone 3, increasing systolic pressure up to 130 mmHg, later transferring to the operating room. Preperitoneal pelvic packing and external fixation were performed, deflating the balloon after 29 minutes in zone 3. The patient left the intensive care unit without vasoactive drugs, to complete surgery 48 hours later and definitive fixation 6 days later. The patient evolves in good general condition.